carl

Refrigeration and air conditioning in the 20th century

2010-03-02T10:52:00.000-08:00

One hundred years ago, folks suffered and sometimes died from a failure to mitigate heat. Though welcome in winter, heat could and did destroy the human race's food and their productive spirit. Sickness from improperly preserved food in summer was more deadly as the stricken suffered in hot, humid hospital rooms. The healthy suffered, too, from summer doldrums. Offices, their furniture sticky, saw worker creativity and productivity drop as temperatures--and tempers--soared. Heat waves brought heatstroke in crowded cities. Folks who could flee the South every summer did so, while the general trend in permanent southern U.S. population was down. Why stay there? Why move there? Even Washington, D.C., all but shut down in summer.

That's the way it was before mechanical engineers perfected two of the 20th century's technical marvels—domestic refrigeration and comfort air conditioning. This story is one of alchemy—not lead into gold, but fantasy into necessity.

From Ice House to Ice Cube

Last year, more than 1,000 people were asked which appliance would be the hardest to live without. The answer: their refrigerator.

Modern life is unthinkable without supermarket fresh food, available any time of the year, purchased at one's convenience an hour, week, or month before the meal is actually eaten.

Our forefathers lived differently. Certain foods were unavailable in some seasons. Most folks had no means of keeping perishable food cold in summer. Meat and milk were purchased and consumed daily because the only refrigerator in town was at the butcher's or the dairy.

Although the 1880s saw commercial perfection in mechanical refrigeration, it served almost exclusively a non-household clientele. Refrigeration equipment was large and smelly with ammonia, and required manual operation by skilled personnel. It served the cold storage, ice-making, brewing, dairy, and meat-packing industries. The average Joe saw benefits only indirectly.

Refrigerated perishables could be purchased locally in larger cities, but they had to be used quickly, unless one could afford an icebox and weekly ice delivery. A little more affluence permitted one to rent a food locker in a cold storage plant, where frozen fish and meat could be stored. The really rich were able to persuade refrigeration manufacturers to design relatively small systems for their mansions. They could afford to have trained handymen to keep the systems in operation.

At the beginning of the 20th century, refrigeration engineers were discussing their problems at ASME meetings. One of those problems was how to make mechanical refrigeration reliable and affordable enough for the average person. Solving this problem proved no easy task.

Cassier's Magazine noted in 1901, "The facts as they stand at present preclude the possibility of small domestic ice or refrigerating plants." At that time, refrigeration systems were principally of the vapor-compression type, operated as start-stop machines using steam engines with open drive compressors subject to leaking noxious or dangerous refrigerants. They were too big, unreliable, unresponsive to changing system loads, dangerous, and expensive for the average home. Within 30 years, these objections were gone. The solutions were found in electric motors, sealed systems, automatic control, and nontoxic, nonflammable refrigerants.

Alternating current power systems saw rapid growth after 1900, as more cities and their households installed electric lighting systems. At the same time, fractional horsepower electric motors were being perfected, seeing some of their earliest household application in sewing machines.

Refrigeration engineers introduced eccentric shaft, closed-crankcase reciprocating compressors, replacing crosshead or crank types, allowing higher operating speeds and smaller size. Leaky stuffing boxes were replaced with rotary mechanical shaft seals that minimized leaks. By the late 1920s, externally driven systems began to be replaced with hermetically sealed motor-compressors that further reduced size, weight, and cost, all but eliminating refrigerant leaks.

Thermostatic controls were applied to refrigeration systems, making them responsive to the vagaries of system load that varied with room temperature, frequency of door opening, and so on.

Until 1930, engineers had only toxic or flammable refrigerants to choose from for their systems. Sulfur dioxide, methyl chloride, ethyl chloride, or isobutane were used in virtually all household systems until the General Motors Research Laboratory synthesized chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants at the request of Frigidaire in 1928.

The discovery was announced in 1930, and Frigidaire magnanimously sold the new refrigerant, called Freon, to anyone who wanted to use it. Before long, the other refrigerants disappeared and the chlorofluorocarbons dominated nonindustrial refrigeration until recently, when scientists discovered that the CFCs damage high-altitude ozone.

Pushed by the Car

The solutions did not appear all at once. Slow and expensive evolution was the reality. Before World War I, there were scattered attempts to introduce household mechanical refrigerators. It seemed that there were lots of good ideas and some breakthroughs, but these were disjointed, undercapitalized efforts. Mass production of a low-cost, "idiot-proof" refrigerator was what was needed.

In 1915, there was only one industry that had the necessary combination of capital, engineering depth, and mass-production expertise. The automobile had evolved from a curiosity to an affordable necessity for many. In the process, American automobile manufacturers had amassed a wealth of money as well as engineering and manufacturing talent. It's not surprising then, that automotive muscle gave the push to perfection of the household mechanical refrigerator.

Edmund Copeland, an engineer who was the purchasing agent for General Motors, and automotive device inventor Nathaniel Wales teamed up in 1913 to develop Wales's idea for a household refrigerator.

Copeland sought backing from his boss, "Wild Billy" Durant, but Durant told him that he was a fool to invest his money in an untried idea. Undaunted, Copeland went to Arnold Goss, president of Chevrolet Motor Car Co., and convinced him to back the venture financially.

Kelvinator Corp. was organized in 1914, but it took another four years of trial and tribulation to produce a marketable product. It cost a lot of money, too. More than $100,000 was spent to perfect the thermostat alone.

Fred Wolf Jr., the refrigeration engineer son of a Chicago brewery engineer and architect, patented an electric refrigerator design in 1913. Wolf's Domelre, a contraction of "DOMestic ELectric REfrigerator," was revolutionary. Completely self-contained, it used copper tubing with automotive-type flared joints to reduce the possibility of leaks. Designed to drop in through a hole cut in the top of an icebox, the quarter-horsepower Domelre plugged into an electric light socket to power an air-cooled refrigeration machine that needed no water connections. The device had ice cube trays, which was a first.

Wolf did have a money problem, though, and his idea only saw mass production when Henry Joy of Packard Motor Car Co. purchased the rights in 1916. Several thousand ISKOs (Joy's new name for the appliance) were sold in the next few years.

Meanwhile, GM's Bill Durant had second thoughts about household refrigeration. He purchased a defunct Indiana refrigerator manufacturer in 1918 and renamed the company Frigidaire. Durant sold Frigidaire to GM, and proceeded to pour money and talent into the company. All of GM's research and engineering divisions were ordered to assist in solving technical problems.

After millions of dollars were spent, Frigidaire had cut the 1920 refrigerator list price of $1,000 in half by 1925. Frigidaire's technical excellence catapulted its household refrigerator line to top seller by 1926. By 1928, Frigidaire had sold one million refrigerators.

In the Roaring '20s, good engineering backed with economic muscle was not limited to the automotive industry. Electrical equipment and appliances had made General Electric an economic and engineering powerhouse by the middle of the decade.

GE decided to enter the electric refrigerator arena and, after an extensive engineering effort led by Alexander Stevenson, leapfrogged everyone else with its Monitor Top refrigerator in 1927. GE's refrigerator featured a compact, totally sealed system that was quieter, more energy-efficient, and less expensive than competing models. These refrigerators were designed with such reliability that most surviving working antique refrigerators today are Monitor Tops.

Frigidaire, stung by the continuing loss of market share, struck back in 1933 with its Meter Miser refrigerator, which was advertised as consuming only as much energy as a light bulb, and costing less than $100. Frigidaire's engineers one-upped GE by using different technology—a rotary sealed compressor in place of a piston type, coupled with a simple and inexpensive refrigerant control.

And so the trend continued. Continuous engineering innovation reduced cost and energy consumption, while increasing reliability. Soon there were frozen food compartments and then freezers. Solid grid ice trays were replaced by "quick cube" trays with lever-operated movable grids, later by flexible trays, and finally by self-dispensing icemakers.

By 1934, an innovation, the Shelvador refrigerator, was introduced by the Crosley Radio Corp., but only after its inventor had been turned down by all the big-name manufacturers who said his idea was crazy. (Is there any refrigerator now that doesn't have shelves in the door?) Self-defrosting refrigerators were introduced also. This progression continues today.

Once we had to pop a big cube of ice into a refrigerator to keep it cold. Now our refrigerator is cooled electrically and mechanically—and it pops ice cubes right out the front into our glass. The household refrigerator, that modern engineered marvel, only gets more marvelous.

Refrigerated Rooms

Before 1900, when engineers were laying the groundwork for the household refrigerator, the idea that room air should be refrigerated for comfort (the term "air conditioning" did not exist until the 20th century) seemed farfetched to all but a small number of undaunted engineers.

Rolla Carpenter, a Cornell University professor of experimental engineering, was one of that minority. "Cooling of rooms É bids fair to be at some time an industry of considerable importance," he wrote in 1896 in his book Heating and Ventilating Buildings.

Carpenter probably could not have imagined just how important that industry would prove to be. In the last century, comfort air conditioning would become of such considerable importance that daily life, and even population trends, would be affected.

Air conditioning is usually thought to refer to the cooling of air, but it is really much more. True comfort air conditioning maintains the total indoor environment, keeping it at a livable level. It encompasses heating and cooling, humidification and dehumidification, as well as indoor air quality. Modern air conditioning systems do all of this, but it wasn't always so.

By the 20th century, the heating side of air conditioning was well developed. Large buildings were reliably heated and frequently humidified, with many systems circulating filtered fresh outside air. This technology was beginning to be applied to residences as well.

However, cooling of buildings was a curiosity. The idea had been proposed periodically, and some cooling systems had been installed using ice and, in a few cases, mechanical refrigeration. By 1900, refrigeration technology had matured to the point that it could be considered for applications such as building cooling.

The first complete comfort air conditioning system was engineered in 1901 for the New York Stock Exchange. ASME member Alfred Wolff, considered the leading heating and ventilating engineer of his day, had designed heating and ventilating systems for many famous New York buildings, such as Carnegie Hall, The New York Public Library, and the Plaza Hotel. Wolff convinced the stock exchange building committee to include summer cooling. He said in correspondence with the committee: "If the refrigerating plant is instituted É and the entering air is cooled É and the percentage of moisture lowered, the result will be É superior in atmospheric conditions to anything that exists elsewhere."

Wolff's system was incredible for the time. It boasted a cooling capacity equivalent to 300 tons of melting ice, the cooling provided free by using the waste steam from the building's electric power plant to operate the refrigerating machines. Filtered, cooled air was gently diffused through an ornamental ceiling over the heads of the stock traders. Wolff had already predicted the result: "Instead of sticking to your traders' shirt collars, the moisture will run down the drain." The system performed successfully for the next 20 years.

Wolff designed other comfort cooling systems, for the Hanover National Bank and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, before he met an untimely death in 1909.

Wolff's Metropolitan Museum design required close control of temperature and humidity, but it was Willis Haviland Carrier who really perfected the art of precision cooling.

Carrier, newly graduated from Cornell University in 1901, was put in charge of research engineering at Buffalo Forge Co., a leading manufacturing engineering firm for the heating and ventilating of large buildings. After he was asked to design a cooling and dehumidification system for a Brooklyn printing plant, Carrier became so enamored of the prospects for temperature and humidity control that he applied his unique combination of business, engineering, and scientific smarts to environmental control.

Carrier designed a specialized type of apparatus to condition air using controlled temperature water sprays. He was able to accurately control the air's dew point, and sold his systems to customers with a promise of specific temperature and humidity performance. Carrier convinced his employer in 1907 to launch a new company division, The Carrier Air Conditioning Co. of America, with himself as head and chief engineer.

The term "air conditioning" had been coined only two years before, by Stuart Cramer, a textile engineer.

All of Willis Carrier's early work centered on process air conditioning for industrial applications, but his theoretical work provided the scientific underpinning for his own and others' later work in comfort cooling.

All of this pioneering air conditioning work hardly affected the sweltering masses of people at first. The public was first exposed to the cooling side of air conditioning at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, the St. Louis World's Fair, in 1904. Fairgoers were treated to the comfort cooled Missouri State Building with its 1,000-seat auditorium.

Although many thousands experienced air conditioning for the first time at the fair, most average folks didn't get a taste of it until movie theaters began installing cooling plants after 1917. Until then, city dwellers simply endured.

A 1920s Chicago newspaper headline shouted: "Fifteen dead in Chicago as mercury soars." The article summarized the suffering: "While beaches and parks were thronged with fugitives from stuffy rooms and apartments, hundreds of persons moved their beds to porches, roofs, and in some cases into yards. The boulevards and highways were congested with motorists trying to get out of the sweltering city."

Movie theaters began to serve as a summer refuge in the 1920s. Theaters could afford the mechanical equipment when it enhanced their bottom line. The public thronged to refrigerated theaters sporting banners that read, "It's 20 degrees cooler inside." As patrons sat in comfort, dreading a return to hot houses and apartments, many of them wondered, "Why can't my house be cool, too?"

The subject of home, office, and store air conditioning was also on the minds of engineers. Some office buildings and department stores had comfort cooling by 1930, and this trend continued to accelerate. Air conditioning for homes and small offices and stores presented another challenge. Mechanical equipment was simply unaffordable and too large.

The solution lay in the technology of the household refrigerator. Could the engineering that provided low cost and small size for refrigerators be successfully crossed over to comfort cooling? Naturally, it was the refrigerator manufacturers who saw the potential, and they applied their engineering and manufacturing expertise to the task.

Frigidaire introduced the first "room cooler" in 1929. General Electric and Kelvinator followed soon after. By the 1930s, these companies were combining cooling and heating technology with central home air conditioning systems that were automatic, circulating filtered, tempered air to all of the rooms in a house, office, or business. These central systems were still too expensive for most folks. The majority of the systems were installed in new homes; few could afford to replace their heating systems.

Once again, engineering provided a solution to the needs of the many. The window air conditioner was introduced in the 1930s and refrigerator manufacturers applied their mass-production talent to it. As with the refrigerator, continuous technological improvement reduced cost and increased reliability, effectively democratizing air conditioning. Window air conditioner innovations were then applied to central heating-cooling systems, making them so affordable that today few houses are built without air conditioning.

The same thing happened with autos. After Packard introduced an air-conditioned car in 1938, auto air conditioning grew steadily. Now, a car without air conditioning is almost unheard of.

Comfort air conditioning changed working conditions and habits, influenced the way we shop in stores, and altered architecture, allowing windowless buildings and porchless houses.

Before year-round air conditioning, work and leisure were dictated by outside conditions. During the 20th century, our lives were no longer dependent on the weather. Our indoor weather is controlled by engineered technology that has become so reliable and low in cost, that it operates silently in the background, being totally taken for granted, but at the same time is considered an absolute necessity for modern living.

Work and play are possible in any climate in any type of building that an architect can dream of. Life is bearable in the tropics or the Arctic. In the United States alone, year-round air conditioning after 1950 reversed a century-long pattern of migration out of southern cities. From 1990 through 1995, in excess of two million people moved to the southern states, a population boom that would not have been possible without the existence of air conditioning.

Luxury to Necessity

Engineering brought us those old refrigerators in the garage that still run after 50 years. Those that we buy now we plug in and forget—except when the power goes out. Engineering brought us indoor environmental systems that operate so well and are so well hidden that one might think heating or cooling were nothing more than a thermostat on the wall.

An ice cream cone once was a rare luxury meant to relieve the heat. Now our freezer is at arm's length, the ice cream eaten for sheer pleasure. From impossible dream to luxury, and finally to necessity, refrigerators and air conditioners were indeed a feat of modern technical alchemy that made our lives better. But isn't that what we engineers are all about?

2010-01-27T11:22:00.001-08:00

2009-12-11T11:12:00.000-08:00

Riding around in Bethel and at Napaskiak

This weekend was going to Bethel to visit friends. On Friday after school I went home and ask go riding around then I turn on then four wheeler then headed to. Bethel I could got to Bethel. I went to Jessica’s house stayed there watch TV I warmed up then ask if she wanted to go riding round she said yes so we went riding all day long. We stated at 4:45am at 2:39 pm then we went at her house. Then warmed up then we went riding again she wanted to go to AC buy some pop and we saw Grace and some other of my friends. Then we left AC to go gas up the 4weeler we went to go check the dance at long house. Then after that we went to her house to go pick her up then drop her off to long house then we went for a sort ride then we went to her house watch TV Grace call to go pick her up so we did and she was at. Long house so while we going half way there we saw Shelley and pick her up then went back James house’s to warm up. Then Grace ask if we can go for sort ride we went to long house then we went back to her House. To warm up I went home I told her that we will go riding later on tomorrow so I went home then went in to my room watched TV. Then I went to bed I got up at eight thirty I headed to Grace’s house and Andrew was up watching TV and I asked him if he wanted to go riding around he said yea but first let me put my snow pants on and other stuff on so. I waited for 20 minutes then I went out side to turn on his four wheeler warming it up then I went to see if he was ready got his things on headed out side then he said were should we go let’s go to. Napaskaik to check the post office so got there then we headed in side check in the box there was a of mail after we got the mail we went home brought the mail home then. After that went for a ride to Bethel we got there headed to my cousin warmed up for a little bit then went straight home around eight forty five then I headed home. Andrew headed home after it was getting dark out side I went to go feed the dog then went for a walk to watch car’s pass on the river. While I was sitting down at the big building and couple kids playing outside passing by as Andrew said there you are where did you go I told him I was just taking a fresh air well he ask let get our BB gun so we went to get our BB gun then stared to shoot little birds down then after that I went home then Andrew and Willie came over to visit we watched TV for a while then they both went home. The end

first day i came to this village

2009-11-18T13:04:00.000-08:00

The first day in Oscarville when I was 15 when. Here i was new to me I felt calm and quiet and couple of more day’s end till school start. And when I got to this blue house and I seen my sister waiting in till we got home. So after I unpacking my clothes I went for a bike ride I was meeting new people in Oscarville. And new faces then I went home to go eat but he said were going to go eat uncle’s sister we did. Then after eating I went out to play Basket ball then other kids came and ask who I was. I told them my name and were I was from a different village so after I got done talking to them. We played ball for a 20 minutes I went home then couple of day’s past the next day I was going school. Then I saw two other boys telling me to come and see the other kids so I did and I saw Andrew,Willie, Jessica ,Martha ,sheena and Grace,Methew and Daisy then after I got done looking around in the school then went to class then when school was quitting I went home then kids started to come visit me I let them in that’s when my mom and unlce were at work and I ask my sister if I can play music in mom’s room she said yes after we were done listening to music most of the kid’s left and one said you could visit us if you want to and I said yes I might visit later on after I help my sister clean up the house then after couple of hours later mom and them came home for work they ask me did you meet any body and I said yes almost time for bed okay good night so the next day I went to visit Andrew joekay I played video games in till 8:00 then willie came over to my house to visit me we then went watch movie . after couple of year’s past after 3 year’s past by sheena left then willie after tha meathew then upa two.

carl

2009-05-06T11:51:00.000-07:00

hey do you know a story well i'm going to tell a story about a dog who saved the world in ten years. He was just a little puppy at first then after couple of years later the dog got a little older
hey do you know a story well i'm going to tell a story about a dog who saved the world in ten days. He was just a little puppy at first then after couple of years later the dog got a little older when the dog was walking home to it's dog house and when it got the and it seen it's master hey boy hows my boy doing then the dog plays with him plays catch then couple of hours later they got done playing his master went in his home. and were the dog live in Mississippi then his master said hey ! boy you wanna go for walk in the morning okay boy will go in the morning so as the his master went in the house there in the dark why to call him your master who out there..? oh it's just an old friend i then the dog said i don't have any friends oh yes you do see if you can remember me no it can be i thought you were dead i watched you die are sure about that it cant be you dead yes i'm live were your family i come for them noo please let them live okay the world is mine nooo!!! i can't let you do that you dare stop me the world will die because of you are you can die for the world why what did i do to you. oh just to see how many people you can save if you pass the test i'll let you humans live for 89years more but i'll always come back so IF YOU PASS MY TEST !!!!!! will you if up you life for a friend yes i would you passed it . but be careful what you wish for in 20 years you better not forget to be kind to others okay i will try i'm giving you a change this time then after couple of year has pass the dog got a little older then his master to got older hey there boy you wanna play catch so they played for a while then his master had to go to work. umm i'm gonna be gone for a week boy but i'll let some one watch you while i'm gone be nice to him boy just take him out for a walk okay Mr. james as james leaves to go to new york to check on my mom okay boy you be good to nicky okay bye as he left the house to the airport then nicky ties me up to the dog house nicky didn't like dogs that much .

hunting

2009-05-01T11:52:00.000-07:00

going hunting with friends in Kwethluk there was me and my cousin and my brother. we went duck hunting near our airport maybe when i was 14 and i cough 5 goose. and my cousin cough 6 and my brother cough 5 then after couple of hours later i cough 5 more ducks and my cousin cough 4 and my brother cough 6 then we seen couple birds okay lets get em will hunt again tomorrow okay the we left and went home after we got home my cousin call me to come over to play some video games so after and i said i'll be over after i eat then he said okay so after i got done eating the i ask my brother if he wanted to follow and go visit Qum so we went over then we got there played some games then after that me and my brother and my cousin stayed up all night and went hunting really early i ask if we could use the four wheeler and he said yeah i think we could use it so we use the four wheeler then we went to the same spot near the airport then we got there and started to wait for the birds to fly so we could shoot them so couple of hours later we started to catch some after i cough a few near the airport and and my cousin to cough and my brother cough some to so we went to my cousin's house and we started to eat then he ask if he wanted us to play video game and we said yes then after we played games played for two hours then after that his mom wanted help at the fish camp so we headed over to the fish camp and hanging some smoked fish then after we got done headed home i ask my grandpa if i could use the four wheeler to pack water and dump the trash and he said yes go head use the four wheeler so did get some water then after i got water i went for a ride around and helping getting ice and water for the house and helping my cousin to .

2009-04-29T11:40:00.000-07:00

One day while i was walking on the river just to see people passing by the couple of hours later. As it was getting dark out i stop by a car i thought they maybe be run out of gas so i was walking to the car. Then i stop there was two people siting in the car when i got close to the window and knocked on the door i was waiting until the door open and just when i was about to knock again the door open the i seen James hi what's going on oh i stop to watch the stars oh year so were you heading off to i'm going home to Oscarville oh to need a ride home yeah i would like to a ride home .

fake story

2009-04-06T11:46:00.000-07:00

Were would you like to go a place were it's nice and peaceful were nobody would ask you to get up. wake up boy your gonna be late to school okay mom !! i'll get up let me get ready okay as he walk's to school then he get there there there's something wrong what happened to the students were did they go as he was walking around some of the students were hiding and they were scared from something walking coming close and it smell very bad and strong stinky smell then i seen my cousin then i said hey what's wrong with you why do you smell funny did you fall in something but he didn't talk to me he just try to bit me so i run home then i turn on my Tv on the news was the dead coming back then i told my mom then uncle came back he said the same thing to we should leave this place no he said but there's a better place to be is at the school it has more food and water we could get stuff tomorrow well have to take some guns with us well even gas just head bethel to AC to get some food then will head to the school after we get the stuff we really need okay find anybody if there biten don't take them. well who's gonna get the shot gun shells well Andrew and Carl and Patrick well okay were will we meet okay i don't know at the library okay when were done will meet you over there good luck with the food you to as they were looking for the shot gun shells they find lots of shells waiting for them so they took a lot of shells for them self after couple of hours they had some trouble coming the dead were coming there was about 59 of the how could it spared so fast we gotta go now people !!! and they got out of there in time they got to the school we pick up a few people.

Harry Houdini

2009-04-03T11:57:00.000-07:00

Harry Houdini was born on March 24, 1874. He was born in Budapest, Hungary. Harry was young when he moved to Appleton, Wisconsin. Harry Houndini had four brothers and one sister. His parents names were Samuel and Ceilia. Harry Houndini’s religion was Jewish. His family fought and they were poor. Harry Houdini was a small man. Harry didn’t have a good education. He was extremely athletic and highly motived. He started magic when he was 17 years old. He wasn’t successful at magic and almost gave up. Harry Houdini got a partner and they were called the Houdini Brothers. He would ask the audience to pick out a challenge act. He ask them to handcuff him. then he would to escape to a different location. People liked watching him escape and he was good. Harry Houndini died October 31, 1926 at age 52. i wish i could learn magic from Harry Houdini it would be fun to show off to people in oscaville in Alaska near Bethel it a small village and a good one to people like to share their food and help out like bring the boat up i could just call a friend out to help me with anything i wish i had magic i would show to the villages and have showing off to people .

the Grand Canyon

2009-03-26T12:05:00.000-07:00

Have you thought of a place where would you like to go. A place I would like to go Grand Canyon.
There are many reasons I want to go to phoenix. One reason is to go hiking. I would like to go hiking to there Grand Canyon. I would take some pictures of the Grand Canyon I would like to stand on top of the Grand Canyon and take some pictures then. after I take some pictures I would hike down the Grand Canyon. I would take some different kind’s of pictures of the plant’s.
Another reason why I would like to go to the Grand Canyon is because the climate is warm. I would wear shorts, t-shirts and sandals at the Grand Canyon. it would be nice to go somewhere where it would be warm because it’s cold in Alaska.
It would be great if someone offered me 2 tickets to the Grand Canyon. I would spend three weeks hiking around in the Grand Canyon.

some place to be

2009-03-24T11:49:00.000-07:00

a place to sleep were nobody would wake me up just sleep all day long. and when i do i just want to take a good nap nothing to worried about just how do you feel when you sleep good. and when u get sleepy to wont to just sleep when your at work even at school a place were i like to sleep is in the clouds and be free and nobody to tell me to get up wouldn't it be good to take naps .

2009-03-02T11:51:00.000-08:00

some who i want to know more about is martin luther king, Jr i learn a little about him about four years ago when i was 8 years old i think by watching tv at school with other students seen him on the tv when he was talking i have a dream one that everyone is going to be equal. and that's all i remember him saying that on that video tape that was long time ago he was trying to change the way they live cause the black people could have school with the white people and thats why he wanted to his people to be equal to have back people and white people to have school to together to be free to have a job for anyone for all the other people in the world . he change almost all the world the way they live .

2009-02-27T11:53:00.000-08:00

go to napaskiak to visit some friends and hanging out some time we. go to bethel just for fun the come back to oscaville . then later on go to napaskiak by walking cause we just wanted to see some friends after were done visiting them sometimes they would come over to visit us to see how we were doing them the next day we'd bring them back to their home and use to listen to loud music when they came over to oscaville we'd listen intell my mom and uncle come home from work at 5:00 in the afternoon and . when it summer we'd swim here at oscaville and we'd go to bethel for fourth of july to see lots of friends and other family members we'd walk around see what we can buy and over in bethel boy that use to be fun just to run around trying to find the other friends and sometimes we'd walk all around in bethel to see other friends play basket ball man that use to be fun when we were younger at bethel go at my sisters just to play games for like 6 hours then we'd watch t.v then they'd go to bed i'd ask if i can play games while they went to sleep and when i was sick up in bethel i got better ferdays later andrew joekay came to pick me up but then he went the wrong way he run out of gas for the snow-go then he came to my house to get some games to play.

walking home from a town to a village

2009-02-26T12:04:00.000-08:00

while i was walking to oscaville and i was at bethel and it was so dark out . i just kept walking and walking while i was half way home something was following me and when i look it was a fox i try to walk close to it but it went back just a little bit so i just left it alone then started to walking back home and there was two foxs following me and they were both small then i got home in four hours later on i went home then i went to go eat then i went to go check the foxs if they were still outside near a friends house and they were gone so the next day i went back to bethel to visit my sister and my brother an law then after i visited them i went to AC store to buy pop and candy then i headed to my sister place watched T.v then i spend a night over intell the morning i left to visit some friends then i headed home to by walking again couple of hours later i went home to sleep then one my friend called me to come over to follow him to go hunting so i did then we went didn't catch anything .

going for a walk not a true story lol

2009-02-24T11:40:00.000-08:00

going for a walk to walk the dog around okay i'm going to tell a story. so the story goes like this one day when i was walking home after i walk my dog. to this old house look very very old then some thing started to call . from the old house then i thought to myself is there anybody in there . so i tied my dog out side the i started to walk to the house then i thought i saw someone near the window so i went to check near the window. so there was nobody to be seen so i went inside the house i was wondering why was there people in the house so i went near the door. so said is there anybody here then it said come here i need help with something could u help me with it . okay what is it you need help with i need to put the meet to the trash the when i got there the old lady try to bite me she looked as if she looked dead. she smell like old like she never washed i try to run out but then my dog got lose then . it started to bite the old lady put still she was comming at me very fast. the dog was still trying to bite her the she stop to look at the dog nooo!!! the dog was dead all bloody the i stated to run. out the house the i got out as fast as i can then i got out started to head home then i called the police then they went to go check it out i was out side watching if the old lady would go to jail . the there was something wrong they are dead but how it they come to the he remember that the old lady didn't get hurt when the dog bit her leg still she was comming to him fastso he went home really fast the got out his gun then again the said could u help me out the a lot of people stated to leave the town . then i was all by myself the i started to hunt them all down the i got all of them but i thought it was over then other people from bethel started come at my place to stay there use to be 78 people now there's only 29 people with me i was 18 now im 23 five years has past really fast so im the night hunter we . need to pray to the lord for our sins need to love one other cause he's comming soon very soon what will u do when he comes he'll ask have u help anyone .okay get back to the story so were was okay so i was going hunting at night cause it was a lot better to catch them but then there was other people from some were the pick me up near my house they ask me is there anybody with you then i said yea theres 20 people at my house okay show us were it's at the it's right there okay man go get them come back fast okay they got them all in the car then head back home .i have to head to class okay bye

2009-02-23T11:40:00.000-08:00

going to bethel and visiting some friend's and going car riding and playing games and helping out my friend's house and cleaning up. doesn't feel good after helping a friend out makes me feel good and other people and even the elders if you start helping out our grandparents. it would bring good luck to the ones who help everyone then they would start trusting you and the would help you out with anything and thats call friendship. it's good to have friends around and knowing that they would be right by your side if we didn't have any friends it would be hard to make friend if you were shy oh now let get back to bethel now were was i oh okay some times every friend is kind of lazy to do the dishes are even clean his own room up. but just to help the guy out and and how does it make you feel when you help out someone are a family member. and just to hang out and have a place to stay for the night. okay bye now

in to space

2009-02-17T11:41:00.000-08:00

Why do we see the sun outside and whats out there in space is there other life forms in space i wonder if we will live some where. In space it would be fun to float around but i don't won't to leave earth because theres lot of things to do not just to float around only just to view the earth. from space it would be so cool if they let us go in to space one day see oh would just feel really light in the space shuttle. and it would be kind of scary and fun did u know it would take a week are couple of days to get to the moon do you think there's life from in space i wonder what will happen in the future will still live on earth are some were. will new kinds of animal be different in the future and what will the food be like will we depend on robots to make our food i wonder the future will be like.

the world

2009-01-16T11:52:00.000-08:00

the world is a great so we try to keep it clean that let us grow any plant's in hour world is getting kind of dirty and some of the bad stuff in the sky that we burn like the woods and trash that we burn and snow machine that smoke that come out is causing the world to global warming so we should think of something else to use in the future to stop global warming to save hour planet so please keep hour world clean and try clean up after yourself when your going camping are hunting are something cause the world is giving us rain water and food that we can grow in some different places and we explore new food's in different places and try new thing in different culture's and new people to meet and all around the world that why we should try to keep hour world clean and it's help us so we should help it back so keep it clean. !!!!!!

Going to sleep

2009-01-15T12:13:00.000-08:00

the greatest thing is to sleep all day long just to relax and not going to get up in the morning. Feel's kind of good sleeping almost all day not wanting to wake up just want to dream about going riding and flying around and driving a car all around village's not letting people waking u up while u are sleeping don't u hate when your mom wake's u up when it's on a weekend are someone want's your help i like to sleep all day long not wanting to wake up and .

Driving to Napaskiak just to check the mail and seeing family and traveling

2009-01-13T11:40:00.000-08:00

Going to Napaskiak just to check the mail seeing if the PFD came and this was in summer. And when i get the PFD i'll go to bethel shop all day. Long then come back home and save the rest of my money are just to go to Fairbanks and and visit my sister and brother in-law. It would be a lot fun going to see new place's and just to visit them while i'am up there i would just try have. Fun riding around with my cousin in her car and try to drive it around to any were i'd want to see new place's. And go shopping while i am up in Fairbanks then while summer's over come back home to Oscarville. And it would be the greatest day visiting them then i'd take a picture of all of them and bring it back home and show them what i did while i was up in Fairbank's i would hung the in my room the picture's what i have taken. While i was in Fairbanks then get lot's of games for my psp and new movie's anda new DvD player to watch them when i get back to home.

the cold weather and traveling and fishing.

2009-01-12T12:00:00.000-08:00

Yeah some day's are really cold out and some day's it get's warm then cold. Really wried weather this year last year was okay and it's hard to travel when it get's really cold out but sometime people. Using car's to travel kind of better using car to go to town and visit friend's and other people are traveling to village's. And just to go riding and seeing the view of the of the village's and go ice fishing when it get cold out sometime's people use car to and some use snow-go's to go ice fishing. Lot's of fun fishing while your catching a lot of fish and seeing the view is kind of fun to look at when your traveling around just to see new place's and meeting new people and it's much better when it's winter. Because it's we can travel better in winter and more further when your traveling .

Driving to bethel

2008-11-21T11:47:00.000-08:00

It was my first time diving alone to Bethel when my mom ask if i wanted to get my sister then i said yes. Then i got ready to go then i went to my friends house then i call my mom to go for a sort ride then i went to see a couple friends visited for an hour then we went to the store then we went home.

2008-11-12T11:59:00.001-08:00

what would it be like if we live on the moon and what. Would we eat when were up in the moon will there be room for us in the moon i 'd love to float round in space we'd. But not to far it would be peaceful not to loud just siting round. Watching the stars passing by only if we'd could visit the moon go back and froth i know some people wouldn't mind going to to the moon onces in a while. some would look up at the moon watching move round the wold every night i look up trying to look for the moon searching round just to look at it sometimes it would just be a full moon and half other then that sometime it wouldn't show are it would show during the day time. Do u sometimes u like'd to visit the moon when ever u won't instead of the government saying that will cost a lot of money it would be great if we don't have to gave them money just free to go to the moon

The graet weekend

2008-10-27T11:56:00.000-07:00

This weekend was going to bethel to visit friends. On Friday after school i went to bethel then i got to bethel. I went to my friend's house stayed there watch T.v then ask if my she wanted to go riding round she said yes so we went riding all day long. we stated at 4:45 end at 2:39 then we went at her house. Then warmed up then we went ring again she wanted to go to AC buy some pop and we saw bunna and some other of my friends. Then we left AC to go gas up the 4weeler we went to go check the dance at long house. Then after that we went to her friends house to go pick her up then drop her off to long house then we went for a sort ride then we went to her house watch tv. bunna call to go pick her up so we did and she was at. long house so while we going half way there we saw them and pick her up then went back my friends house warm up .Then Bunna ask if we can go for sort ride we went to long house then we went back to her house .To warm up then we went to sleep then when i got up we went riding again then after that i went home.

the day u get up early

2008-09-17T11:40:00.000-07:00

the day that u get up when u have to wake up for school for work are something but have to get up early for something somethings u wish that u can sleep all day long but u can always sleep some day u can start waking up early something u don't wake up early .

the sleepy days

2008-08-22T11:54:00.000-07:00

some days i like to sleep but i always have to get up hate getting up but that mostly when u have to get up for school and i liked to sleep all day long . when were having school

2008-04-29T15:13:00.000-07:00

What surprised you about the correct sequence of events?

I was surprised how old the jellyfish were. I was also surprised at how old bees are.

What have you learned from making your time line and sequencing events on it about the appearance of different life-forms on Earth?

I learned about Panagea and how it all split apart. I also learned that there were two extinctions. i leaded about that bees appear before flowers